| Password | Physical Smartcard | Hardware FIDO token | Software FIDO token | Proprietary Passwordless | KeypMe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Security | ✗ | N/A | ||||
| Cost | Free | $$$ | $$ | $$ | N/A | $$ |
| Standard | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ |
| IT Integration | Easy | Easy | Need IT migration | Need IT migration | Vendor lock-in | Easy |
| User usability | N/A | |||||
| Digital signature | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | N/A | ✓ |
| Post-Quantum cryptography | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | N/A | ✓ |
